Module 1: Introduction to Human Body

Lesson 1: Structural Organization of the Human Body

Tổ Chức Cấu Tạo Cơ Thể Người

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Dưới đây là danh sách những thuật ngữ Y khoa của module Introduction to Human Body.
Khái quát được số lượng thuật ngữ sẽ xuất hiện trong bài đọc và nghe sẽ giúp bạn thoải mái tiêu thụ nội dung hơn. Sau khi hoàn thành nội dung đọc và nghe, bạn hãy quay lại đây và luyện tập (practice) để quen dần các thuật ngữ này. Đừng ép bản thân phải nhớ các thuật ngữ này vội vì bạn sẽ gặp và ôn lại danh sách này trong những bài học (lesson) khác của cùng một module.

Medical Terminology: Introduction to Human Body

abdominopelvic cavity
division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera
anabolism
assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules
anatomical position
standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body
anatomy
science that studies the form and composition of the body’s structures
anterior
describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as ventral
anterior cavity
larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as ventral cavity
catabolism
breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules
caudal
describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as inferior
cell
smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles
computed tomography (CT)
medical imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced cross-sectional X-ray image is obtained
control center
compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector
cranial
describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as superior
cranial cavity
division of the posterior (dorsal) cavity that houses the brain
deep
describes a position farther from the surface of the body
development
changes an organism goes through during its life
differentiation
process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function
distal
describes a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
dorsal
describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as posterior
dorsal cavity
posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to the posterior body cavity
effector
organ that can cause a change in a value
frontal plane
two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions
gross anatomy
study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to macroscopic anatomy
growth
process of increasing in size
homeostasis
steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain
inferior
describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as caudal
lateral
describes the side or direction toward the side of the body
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body
medial
describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body
metabolism
sum of all of the body’s chemical reactions
microscopic anatomy
study of very small structures of the body using magnification
negative feedback
homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body’s physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed
normal range
range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center
nutrient
chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival
organ
functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues
organ system
group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function
organism
living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life
pericardium
sac that encloses the heart
peritoneum
serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs found there
physiology
science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body’s functions
plane
imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body
pleura
serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs
positive feedback
mechanism that intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition in response to a stimulus
positron emission tomography (PET)
medical imaging technique in which radiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and physiological functions in tissues
posterior
describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as dorsal
posterior cavity
posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to as dorsal cavity
pressure
force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance
prone
face down
proximal
describes a position nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
regional anatomy
study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions
renewal
process by which worn-out cells are replaced
reproduction
process by which new organisms are generated
responsiveness
ability of an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditions
sagittal plane
two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides
section
in anatomy, a single flat surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut through
sensor
(also, receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center
serosa
membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serous membrane
serous membrane
membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serosa
set point
ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis
spinal cavity
division of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord; also referred to as vertebral cavity
superficial
describes a position nearer to the surface of the body
superior
Phía trên
describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as cranial
Above something: Ở vị trí phía trên
supine
face up
systemic anatomy
study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems
thoracic cavity
division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea
tissue
group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function
transverse plane
two-dimensional, horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions
ultrasonography
application of ultrasonic waves to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and organs
ventral
describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as anterior
ventral cavity
larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as anterior body cavity
X-ray
form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases; used in medicine as a diagnostic aid to visualize body structures such as bones
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Dưới đây là các bài văn nằm ở bên trái. Ở bên phải là các bài luyện tập (practice) để đánh giá khả năng đọc hiểu của bạn. Sẽ khó khăn trong thời gian đầu nếu vốn từ vựng của bạn còn hạn chế, đặc biệt là từ vựng Y khoa. Hãy kiên nhẫn và đọc nhiều nhất có kể, lượng kiến thức tích tụ dần sẽ giúp bạn đọc thoải mái hơn.
Before you begin to study the different structures and functions of the human body, it is helpful to consider its basic architecture; that is, how its smallest parts are assembled into larger structures. It is convenient to consider the structures of the body in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity: subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms and biosphere (see Figure 1).The different organ systems each have different functions and therefore unique roles to perform in physiology. These many functions can be summarized in terms of a few that we might consider definitive of human life: organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development, and reproduction.
To study the chemical level of organization, scientists consider the simplest building blocks of matter: subatomic particles, atoms and molecules. All matter in the universe is composed of one or more unique pure substances called elements, familiar examples of which are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of any of these pure substances (elements) is an atom. Atoms are made up of subatomic particles such as the proton, electron and neutron. Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule, such as the water molecules, proteins, and sugars found in living things. Molecules are the chemical building blocks of all body structures.

A cell is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism. Even bacteria, which are extremely small, independently-living organisms, have a cellular structure. Each bacterium is a single cell. All living structures of human anatomy contain cells, and almost all functions of human physiology are performed in cells or are initiated by cells.

A human cell typically consists of flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a water-based cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units called organelles. In humans, as in all organisms, cells perform all functions of life. A tissue is a group of many similar cells (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function. An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types. Each organ performs one or more specific physiological functions. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body. Figure 2 illustrates the organ systems of the human body.

The organism level is the highest level of organization. An organism is a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life. In multicellular organisms, including humans, all cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of the body work together to maintain the life and health of the organism.

OpenStax. (2022). Anatomy and Physiology 2e. Rice University. Retrieved June 15, 2023. ISBN-13: 978-1-711494-06-7 (Hardcover) ISBN-13: 978-1-711494-05-0 (Paperback) ISBN-13: 978-1-951693-42-8 (Digital). License: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Access for free at openstax.org.

The organization of the body often is discussed in terms of six distinct levels of increasing complexity, from the smallest chemical building blocks to a unique human organism.

Organs that work together are grouped into organ systems.

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Dưới đây là video và các luyện tập (practice) của bài này. Nghe là một kĩ năng khó, đặc biệt là khi chúng ta chưa quen nội dung và chưa có nhạy cảm ngôn ngữ. Nhưng cứ đi thật chậm và đừng bỏ cuộc.
Xem video và cảm nhận nội dung bài. Bạn có thể thả trôi, cảm nhận dòng chảy ngôn ngữ và không nhất thiết phải hiểu toàn bộ bài. Bên dưới là script để bạn khái quát nội dụng và tra từ mới.
Script:
  1. Life processes of the human body are maintained at several levels of structural organization.
  2. These include the chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and the organism level.
  3. Higher levels of organization are built from lower levels.
  4. Therefore, molecules combine to form cells, cells combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, organs combine to form organ systems, and organ systems combine to form organisms.
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